Supertistition

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Part 1 Superstitions are unsupported beliefs about cause and effect that guide the actions of many people.

Pick a superstition that you have or that you have heard another person discuss.

• Use the principles of operant conditioning to discuss how that superstition came in to existence and has become imbedded into your (or the other person’s) belief system.
• Now using the principles of observational learning describe the process in which a person can acquire a superstitious behavior.
• PARTV2 respond to two peer
• peer1 I ain’t afraid of no ghost”COLLAPSE
  

  Good afternoon classmates, and Dr. Barton, This week we are discussing superstitions and how they are acquired. First, we must define superstition in order to be on the same page, superstition is defined by the Cambridge Dictionary as a belief not based upon human reasoning or scientific knowledge (Cambridge Dictionary, 2023). The superstition that I have decided to talk about today since we are in “the spooky month” is ghosts and people’s sightings of said ghosts. From my experience, most people who have been said to have seen or sensed a ghost come from religious backgrounds as well as states or countries with a lot of folklore on said subject. Operant conditioning works with the premise that one’s behavior is dictated by the outcome of past choices and their results, but when we come to something we do not understand. It can not be explained easily through the means of science or real-world evidence, we create our own internal beliefs to try and rationalize what we experienced since that lack of knowledge may create cognitive dissonance with our pre-existing beliefs. When someone experiences a picture frame falling from its hung position on a wall many people are quick to assume that this was paranormal since they cannot rationalize how it happened. Maybe the nail holding the frame up was already loose and it finally gave out, or maybe a breeze of air was the final push it needed to fall, the problem is when we immediately run due to fear instead of examining the possibilities of why or how it might have happened. This belief in the paranormal is further reinforced by traditions, religions, and especially modern pop culture with its fixation on the unexplainable. Anything that is difficult to explain with logic and science becomes subject to operant conditioning based on how individuals internalize the information or lack of information from said situations. also, what’s that behind you?WC:319ReferencesCambridge Dictionary. (2023). Superstition. SUPERSTITION definition | Cambridge English Dictionary. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/eng…PPEER 2 Hello Classmates and Dr. Barton,
  With operant conditioning, the person has learned to associate this behavior with foretelling bad luck. The superstition of ill luck brought on by the presence of a black cat has been around for many centuries, with its origins in various religious beliefs. It has been believed that witches would take the form of black cats and that seeing one was a bad omen, indicating bad luck or fortune. This person has learned to avoid black cats to avoid negative reinforcement because he has experienced the penalty of bad luck every time one crosses in front of him due to negative reinforcement.
  Operant conditioning is a type of learning that happens because of a behavior’s outcome (MSEd, 2023). Due to the fundamentals of negative reinforcement, in this case, the person has learned to associate bad luck with the presence of a black cat and has changed their behavior to avoid it. When something wrong occurs, the person naturally wants to escape it and avoid it in the future. It has become embedded into the individual’s belief system as they want to prevent bad luck from happening again. Every time these individuals experience terrible luck after seeing a black cat, they are driven further away from this perceived source of misfortune and become motivated to avoid it at all costs.
  Observational learning, the process by which a person acquires a behavior by watching and copying those around them, is also a significant factor in developing superstitious behavior in addition to operant conditioning. In the case of the black cat superstition, if someone consistently observes their family, friends, or other people responding to the presence of a black cat by crossing the street or changing course, they, too, would likely start to imitate this behavior. Many superstitions are most likely spread through the process of observational learning. The fact that people around them consistently react negatively to the black cat would help persuade them that it is associated with bad luck, and they would start acting similarly to avoid it.
  Although the fundamental assumptions of superstitions are most likely rooted in cultural or religious ideas, the operant and observational learning process has established the connection between behavior or action and the ensuing prediction of bad luck, so it is not surprising that superstitions have become deeply ingrained into the belief systems of many people (MSEd, 2023a). This combination of learning processes firmly retains superstitions within belief systems by associating behavior with a negative consequence; the individual has the incentive to avoid it in the future, and observational learning further reinforces this avoidance as the individual witnesses the same type of reaction from those around them.
  W.C.440

  PART 3 This week you will locate a minimum of 3 credible sources, either from Keiser’s online library or from reputable websites, on the effectiveness of using operant conditioning and/or observational learning to modify behaviors. Using your sources you will produce a 2-3 page brief literature review exploring this topic. Make sure that you are not simply summarizing what you have found in your sources, but rather you are synthesizing the information in a way that will educate and expand knowledge for those who read your paper.

  Behavior Modification Project – part III