Need to confirm answers are correct (independent and dependent variables research

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1. A dependent variable is:
****what you measure. You measure your DV over and over while manipulate your IV (s)

what you manipulate
both a and b
none of the above
2. The A portion of a single system design refers to:
baseline
intervention
manipulation
control
3. The B portion of a single subject design refers to:
baseline
intervention
the client
none of the above
4. Visual inspection, while relatively subjective, is the most common type of data analysis
used for single subject designs.
****True This is true. Visual inspection for trends help keep the client motivated, or see where they are falling short.
False
5. A single system design is:
a means of affecting change in a client’s behavior
a method of intervention that uses science to assist you and inform practice
a design that encourages you to carefully identify, assess target problems, and use an
intervention to alleviate the client’s problem
******all the above


2
6. In order for causality to be established _______________.
the cause needs to precede the effect
two or more factors need to be empirically related to one another
the relationship between the factors cannot be explained by other factors
******all the above

7. Group research designs allow for the comparison of results between those who are
getting treatment versus
A group getting an alternative treatment
A group not getting any treatment
A single subject
A and B
8. What is the impact of restricted salt consumption on water retention?” In this research
question, the dependent variable is:
Salt consumption
**********water retention (the goal is to decrease the signs of water retention
weight
both a and b
9. The independent variable is:
*******Salt consumption-by restricting salt consumption it should impact the DV (water retention)
water retention
weight
blood pressure
10. Which of these is not a threat to internal validity:
History
Maturation
Client Differences
Instrumentation
11. Practical Significance occurs when
there appears to be meaningful change in the client’s behavior
most often used type of significance in single subject research




comparing client functioning against some standard
********all the above
12. Overt behaviors are those that:
can be seen publicly
thoughts
feelings
all the above
13. The best measure of central tendency used when reporting the amount of weekly
weight loss over the course of the intervention might be:
mode
median
mean
standard deviation
14. Cindy is attempting to stop her dog from incessant barking by using a collar that emits
an unpleasant scent when the dog barks. Since she has recently taken a research course
so she decides to approach the situation from a scientific perspective. She measures the
number of times Scruffy barks from 8 to 9 pmfor 3 nights. On the 4 th night she uses the
dog collar and begins collecting data. Over the course of the next 5 nights Scruffy
completely stops his inappropriate barking. Cindy then removes the collar and continues
to monitor Scruffy from 8 to 9 pm for another week.
Cindy has implemented which type of design:
AB
ABA
ABC
BA

15. The dependent variable in Cindy’s study is:
Number of time collar emits the scent
amount of barking
time of day
none of the above

16. The independent variable is:


4
amount of barking
the dog’s collar
time of day
type of dog
17. Cindy finds that after removing the collar Scruffy returns to his noisy ways. She decides.
to return to using the collar. Her design is now
AB
ABA
ABC
ABAB
18. Martha is trying to figure out what type of exercise will help her lose the most weight.
She decides to spend the summer figuring it out. She weighs herself and begins walking
on a treadmill for 30 minutes 6 days per week at 2.8-3 miles per hour. She plans to use
this method for 4 weeks. After the end of 4 weeks, she weighs herself and found that
she has lost 6 pounds.
For the next 4 weeks Martha decides she will now try cycling. She will ride her bike for
30 minutes 6 days per week. She plans to ride 3 miles each day. After the 4 weeks
Martha finds that she has lost a total of 11 pounds.
For the last 4 weeks Martha decides to take an aerobics class 3 times per week. The
classes are 1 hour in length. At the end of that 4- week period she finds that she has lost
a total of 20 pounds.
Martha’s research design is:
AB
ABA
ABAB
ABCD
19. What is Martha’s dependent variable?
miles
times per week
********weight
number of weeks for the intervention

20. What is Martha’s independent variable?

SW 556 Midterm Quiz | Julie A. Schroeder

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weight
****************exercise
times per week
none of the above
21. Which intervention appears to have been the least effective? -1.2 point
treadmill 6 pounds
cycling +5 pounds=total of 11 pounds
*****aerobics 20 pounds-11 pounds=9 pounds
not enough information to determine
22. Which intervention appears to have been the most effective in decreasing her weight?
treadmill
cycling
*************aerobics
not enough information to know
23. “What is the impact of sex education in middle school on the number of students who
become sexually active during high school?” In this research question, the dependent
variable is:
sex education
*************sexual activity
school
the students
24. “What is the impact of sex education in middle school on the number of students who
become sexually active during high school?” In this research question, the independent
variable is:
**************sex education
sexual activity
both a & b
none of the above
25. “How effective is a parenting class in reducing the incidence of child abuse?” In this
research question, the dependent variable is:
the parenting class
************the incidence of child abuse
neither a or b

SW 556 Midterm Quiz | Julie A. Schroeder

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a and b
26. The independent variable is:
************the parenting class
the incidence of child abuse
the clients
none of the above
27. “What is the impact of daily exercise on blood pressure?” In this research question, the
dependent variable is:
daily exercise
**************blood pressure
both a and b
none of the above
28. The independent variable is:
****************daily exercise
blood pressure
both a and b
none of the above
29. “What is the impact of restricted calorie consumption on weight?” In this research
question, the dependent variable is:
weight YES!!
calorie consumption
both a and b
none of the above
30. The independent variable is:
weight
calorie consumption YES
both a and b
none of the above

31. Shonda has decided to track her clients’ negative thoughts so that she can help her
clients to see progress. The best way to do this is to:

SW 556 Midterm Quiz | Julie A. Schroeder

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use inferential statistics
visual representation of trends
autocorrelation
t tests
32. What is the dependent variable (s) in Shonda’s study?
anxiety
depression
negative thinking YES!
binge eating
33. The independent variable is:
Treatment related to negative thinking
negative thinking
anxiety
depression
34. Shonda decides to use ___________________ to determine when her clients have
statistically significant results.
*****************Sigma System
Regression
Hypothesis testing
Autocorrelation
35. Shonda realizes that she will need to measure the effectiveness of her intervention in
such a way as to determine statistical significance. What is a primary problem that she
will have to deal with:
Regression
****************Autocorrelation
Internal validity
Client behavior

36. The sigma system uses________________ to determine when the clients’ results are
most likely to due to Shonda’s treatment.

SW 556 Midterm Quiz | Julie A. Schroeder

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**************Standard deviation
Variance
Regression
Correlation
37. Two pieces of information are needed to use the sigma system to determine client
progress
the mean and range
median and standard deviation
Mean and standard deviation
Mean and the variance
38. When using the sigma system to determine when a client has made statistically
significant progress their data points must surpass:
1 standard deviation from the mean
2 standard deviations below the mean
2 standard deviations
4 standard deviations
39. External validity refers to the generalizability of our outcome to other clients.
True
False
40. During the baseline phase of the design:
It is best to get as many data points as possible
Your client may react to being measured causing spikes in the data
You are looking for trends in the right direction
None of the above
41. During the maintenance phase of the design:
you are looking for a stable pattern of success
continue regular observations of target behavior
a steady state in the client’s behavior suggests the client may be ready to handle the
behavior on his/her own
all the above

42. Goals are specific and precise.
True
False

SW 556 Midterm Quiz | Julie A. Schroeder

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43. Group designs are conceptualized based on randomization and control.
**********True RANDOM ASSIGNMENT OF SUBJECTS TO EITHER THE TREATMENT OR THE CONTROL GROUP
False
44. Inaccuracy in observation of behavior occurs due to:
lack of definition of the target
the target is difficult to observe in a particular environment
reaction effects from being observed
all the above.
45. A measure is nonreactive if the behavior changes as a result of being measured.
True
False
46. Objectives are specific and precise.
*********True
False
47. Autocorrelation can be dealt with using SPSS.
True
False
48. It is very difficult to suggest a statistically different change in behavior due to the few
number of data points (observations) collected.
True
False
49. Multiple base studies can occur:
across participants
across behaviors
across settings
all of the above
50. When focusing on oppressed populations, cultural competency can result in bias and
insensitivity.
True
***********False Cultural competence should decrease the possibility of bias and insensitivity.

1.A
What you measure
2. A
Baseline
3. B
Intervention
4.True
5. D – all of the above
6. C
The relationship between the factors cannot be explained by other factors
7. C
A and B
8. A
Salt consumption
9. B
Water retention
10. C
Client differences
11. A
There appears to be meaningful change in the client’s behavior
12. A
Can be seen publicly
13. C
Mean
14. B
ABA
15. B
Amount of barking
16.B
the dog’s collar
17. D
ABAB
18.D
ABCD
19. C
Weight
20. B
Exercise
21. A
Treadmill
22. C
Aerobics
23. A
Sex education
24. B
Sexual activity
25. B
The parenting class
26. B
The incidence of child abuse
27. A
Daily exercise
28. B
Blood pressure
29. A
Weight
30. B
Calorie consumption
31. B
Visual representation of trends
32. C
Negative thinking
33. A
Treatment related to negative thinking
34. C
Hypothesis testing
35. D
Internal validity
36. D
Correlation
37. C
Mean and standard deviation
38. B
2 standard deviations below the mean
39. A
True
40. A
It is best to get as many data points as possible
41. C
A steady state in the client’s behavior suggests the client may be ready to handle the
Behavior on his/her own
42.A
True
43.True

44.D
All the above.
45. B
False
46. B
False
47. A
True
48.A
True
49. D
All of the above
50. A
True