Incidence and Prevalence- response, health and medicine homework help

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Below is my classmate’s response. When responding to my classmate, offer additional examples of
appropriate uses for incidence and prevalence and explain how the two measures
are related. The answer has to be a minimum of 50 words with one scholarly and/or peer-reviewed citation and reference. Thank you.

Prevalence is
a descriptive measurement in epidemiology that demonstrates the number of existing
cases of disease, illness, or condition within a particular point or period of
time (Friis & Sellers, 2014). With these figures, prevalence research
designs aid an epidemiologist in finding the public health needs or the burden
of a disease as it pertains to a particular condition. The burden of disease on a
population can often be measured in terms of costs or morbidity (Jager,
Zoccali, Kramar, & Dekker, 2007). An example of where prevalence
may be a better indicator of disease burden than incidence can be found when
studying chronic illness, such as chronic kidney disease (CDK). CDK is a global
issue where in the burden lies with the high economic cost associated with
treatment to both the healthcare industry and those afflicted, coupled with the
increasing aging population (Hill, Fatoba, Oke, Hirst, O’Callaghan,
Lasserson, & Hobbs, 2016). CDK has also been found to be an
independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) (Hill, Fatoba, Oke, Hirst, O’Callaghan, Lasserson, &
Hobbs, 2016). The burden of CDK is a high-cost issue among global
healthcare systems. With CDK at such a high prevalence in the population and
existing evidence that intervention is effective in reducing CVD events
illustrates the need for additional initiatives that will slow the progression
of CDK to end-stage renal disease and reduce CVD-related events in CKD patients
(Hill, Fatoba, Oke, Hirst, O’Callaghan, Lasserson, &
Hobbs, 2016).

The measure of the incidence of a disease refers
to the rate of occurrence of new cases within a population and does not take
into account those individuals already living or dying of the disease (Friis
& Sellers, 2014). Incidence is useful when one is studying the etiology,
causes, or risks associated with a disease. So for example, when studying
breast cancer, one may review the incidence of breast cancer among women who
are between the ages of 40-50 in comparison to those with breast cancer whose
ages are 50 and over. The incidence of breast cancer increases with age,
doubling every 10 years until a woman is of menopause age, after which the
increase drastically decreases (McPherson, Steel, & Dixon, 2000). In addition, one may also review geographical variation to
determine whether genetic or environmental factors are contributing to the incident
of breast cancer found among different global locations. As a result, it
is believed that about 55% of the global burden in relationship to
breast cancer is currently experienced in developed countries, but incidence
rates are rapidly rising in developing countries (Ferlay, Héry, Autier, &
Sankaranarayanan, 2010). Analytical studies conducted have examined the
reproductive habits, hormonal patterns, and dietary habits of developing countries and clearly, suggest an
important role of environmental factors in the etiology of breast cancer.