IRLS 221 AMU Transnational Networks in The Global System Discussion

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1)The fifth actor in the international system is networks. An international network is a group of individuals who regularly interact. International networks are characterized in primarily three ways: Lacking or minimal centralized authority, strong connection, and diversity. In other words, rather than an individual holding control over the specific network, it is spread across the group. Strong connection references the relationship of the individuals within the group, which is typically strong in the sense of consistent and effective communication. These groups are also very diverse, as they function internationally, and therefore people of all backgrounds contribute together. Some networks are also noted as being sanctioned by states, while others may not (AMU Network 2023). Understanding the international network with respect to network theory is also crucial when it comes to acknowledging underlying power dynamics in the international system. 

One international network that is introduced during the reading is ARIADNE, which falls into the transnational activism category and is focused on preventing human trafficking in Southeastern and Eastern Europe (AMU ARIADNE 2023). This transnational activism organization is considered to be a part of the civil network, which is indisputably a positive international network, with a goal centered around humanitarianism. Contrary to a civil network, there are also uncivil networks, such as criminal or terrorist networks. These networks, just as civil networks, can make fairly significant impacts on the international system. One example is unfolding by the minute, currently, which is the Israel-Palestine conflict. What is deemed by the United States as a terrorist organization, Hamas attacked Israel on October 7th which has now escalated drastically. An organization within the uncivil network has now garnered the attention of the whole world and with that the largest players in the international system, states. Another clearer example is September 11, 2001, in which once again an uncivil network actor severely impacted the international system. 

References:

AMU. 2023. “ARIADNE.” What is a Network? Accessed October 16, 2023. https://myclassroom.apus.edu/d2l/le/enhancedSequenceViewer/123999?url=https%3A%2F%2Ff54cbe36-23a9-4505-85fe-e251f80ec34d.sequences.api.brightspace.com%2F123999%2Factivity%2F11651344%3FfilterOnDatesAndDepth%3D1. 

AMU. 2023. “Network Actors.” What is a Network? Accessed October 16, 2023. https://myclassroom.apus.edu/d2l/le/enhancedSequenceViewer/123999?url=https%3A%2F%2Ff54cbe36-23a9-4505-85fe-e251f80ec34d.sequences.api.brightspace.com%2F123999%2Factivity%2F11651344%3FfilterOnDatesAndDepth%3D1. 

2)  International Networks have broadly similar characteristics, but not all Networks share the same characteristics. Generally, an International Network is a group of something without an established hierarchy. A Network can range from people, to things, to businesses, as long as they are interconnected. To be interconnected, the groups within the Network must interact regularly. The Network has low central control and dispersed members throughout. Due to technological advances and modern media, many International Networks primarily operate online. The internet allows more Networks to be established due to increased connectivity. International Networks may be allies or adversaries to States. For example, Terrorist Networks are adversaries to States they oppose. Meanwhile, Business Networks may be allied to States they do business with. Networks can vary greatly depending on the group’s missions and intentions.

2. An International Network that has had a positive impact on the world is the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Although UNESCO is associated with the Non-Governmental Organization (NGO), United Nations, it is comprised of a Network of other NGO and Intergovernmental Organization (IGO) partners. UNESCOs mission is to promote world peace and security through providing education, art, science, and culture around the world (“UNESCO.” n.d). UNESCO works with over 300 NGOs and IGOs in order to provide their services to member states and accomplish their mission. UNESCOs connection and partnership with other organizations, without an established hierarchy, makes it an effective Network. Through these partnerships, UNESCO has been able to benefit many states throughout the world. UNESCO has improved literacy in multiple nations, provided education opportunities for those in need, preserved cultural history and practices, and protected human rights. These positive acts make UNESCO one of the most beneficial and effective Networks. Other Networks could use UNESCO as an example for positive impacts they can have on the world. It is often easy to focus on the negative Networks, such as Terrorist Networks, due to their highlighted publicity. However, taking the time to notice and appreciate the positive Networks is beneficial to everyone. They can inspire others and change lives, just as UNESCO has. 

References

Arquilla, John. 2007. “Of Networks and Nations.” The Brown Journal of World Affairs, Fall, 199-209. http://ezproxy.apus.edu/login?qurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fmagazines%2Fnetworks-nations%2Fdocview%2F219494816%2Fse-2%3Faccountid%3D8289. 

“UNESCO.” UNESCO.org. Accessed October 13, 2023. https://www.unesco.org/en.